Chapter 3 - 5 3. Advent of the Europeans in India Portugese The quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route of a Sea Route in India From Trading to Ruling Portuguese Generals Vasco Da Gama Pedro Alvarez Cabral Vasco Da Gama Returns Francisco De Almeida Alfonso De Alburquerque Nino De Cunha Portuguese Gujarat Relations Portuguese State in India Portuguese Administration Religious Policy Lose Favour with the Mughals Capture of Hooghly Reasons for decline of Portuguese Portuguese Legacy Dutch Dutch Settlements Anglo Dutch Rivalry Dutch Decline in India English Progress of the English Company Foothold in Bengal Consolidation of Power French Foundation of French Centres in India Early Setbacks Reorganisation and Revival Anglo-French Struggle: Carnatic Wars First Carnatic War Second Carnatic War Third Carnatic War Dupleix in India Cause of English Success and French Failure Why English Succeeded 4. India on the Eve of British Conquest Decline of Mughal Empire (18th century) Mughal Rulers after Aurangzeb External Challenges to Mughals Cause of Decline of Mughal Empire Major Factors Contributing to Decline Scholarly Perspectives on Decline Rise of Regional States Major Regional Powers Types of Regional Powers Nature of Regional States Socio Economic Conditions in 18th-century India Economic Contrasts Agricultural System Manufacturing and Trade Education Social Structure Women's Status Slavery Cultural Developments 5. Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India British Imperial History Debate on British Conquest British Period in India Timeline Debates Causes of British Success in India British Conquest of Bengal Bengal on the Eve of British Conquest Battle of Plassey Significance of Battle of Plassey Plassey Plunder Mir Kasim and Treaty of 1760 Mir Kasim's Initiatives Battle of Buxar Treaty of Allahabad 1765 Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72) Mysore's Resistance to the Company Rise of Haidar Ali Anglo Mysore Wars First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69) Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84) Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) Anglo Maratha Struggle for Supremacy Rise of the Marathas Entry of the English Into Maratha Politics First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819) Maratha Defeat Factors Conquest of Sindh Rise of Talpuras Amirs Gradual Ascendancy over Sindh Treaty of Eternal Friendship 1809 Treaty of 1832 Lord Auckland and Sindh Tripartite Treaty of 1838 Sindh Accepts Subsidiary Alliance 1839 Capitulation of Sindh Criticisms of the Conquest Conquest of Punjab Consolidation of Punjab under Sikhs Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ranjit Singh and the English Treaty of Amritsar Significance Ranjit Singh's Relations with Company (1809-1839) Punjab after Ranjit Singh First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Treaty of Lahore (March 8, 1846) Treaty of Bhairowal (December 1846) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) British Paramountcy Expansion (1757-1857) Ring-Fence Policy Subsidiary Alliance Doctrine of Lapse Relations of British India with Neighbouring Countries Anglo-Bhutanese Relations Anglo-Nepalese Relations Anglo-Burmese Relations First Burma War (1824-26) Second Burma War (1852) Third Burma War (1885) Anglo-Tibetan Relations Anglo-Afghan Relations First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) Policy of Masterly Inactivity Proud Reserve Policy Second Anglo-Afghan War (1870-80) British India and NWFP Chapter 6 6. People's Resistance against British Before 1857 Civil Uprising Characteristics Important Civil Uprisings Peasant Movement with Religious Overtones Tribal Revolts Important Mainland Tribal Movements Tribal Revolts after 1857 Tribal Movements of North East Tribal Movement of North East → Before 1957 Tribal Movement of North East → After 1957 Important Mutinies (Pre-1857) Weaknesses of People's Uprisings Chapter 7 - 11 7. The Revolt of 1857 Simmering Discontent Beginning and Spread of the Revolt The Spark Starts at Meerut Choice of Bhadur Shah as Symbolic Head Civilians Join Storm Centres and Leaders of Revolt Suppression of 1857 Revolt Reasons for Failure Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor Nature of the Revolt Consequences of 1857 Revolt Long-term Impact 8. Socio Religious Reform Movements: General Features Social and Ideological Bases Intellectual Criteria Reform Approach Two Streams Direction of Social Reform Women's Reform Key Reforms Education Initiatives Women's Organisations Struggle Against Caste Based Exploitation 9. A General Survey of Socio Cultural Reform Movements and their Leaders Socio Cultural Reform and their Leaders Raja Rammohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj Brahmo Samaj Roy's Social Reforms Political Contributions Brahmo Samaj Leadership Evolution Related Reform Movements Limitations Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Balshastri Jambhekar Paramahansa Mandali Jyotirao Phule (1827-90) Savitribai Phule (1831-97) Gopal Baba Walangkar (1840-1900) Kisan Faguji Bansod (1879-1946) Vitthal Ramji Shinde (1873-1944) Gopalhari Deshmukh (1823-92) Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856-95) Servants of India Society (1905) Social Service League Ramakrishna Movement and Swami Vivekananda Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj Guiding Principles of Arya Samaj Arya Samaj Activities Seva Sadan (1908) Dev Samaj (1887) Dharma Sabha (1830) Bharat Dharma Mahamandala (1902) Radhaswami Movement (1861) SNDP Movement Vokkaliga Sangha (1905) Justice Movement Self-Respect Movement Temple Entry Movement Indian Social Conference (1887) Islamic Reform Movements Parsi Reform (1851) Sikh Reform Theosophical Society (1875) Significance of Reform Movements 10. Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India Factors in the Growth of Nationalism Indian Nationalism Origins Unification Impact Western Education and Thought Information Channels Cultural Renaissance Middle-Class Leadership Global Movement Influence Racial Policies Backlash Pre-Congress Political Evolution in India Political Associations in Bengal (1836-1876) Regional Expansion Pre-Congress Campaigns 11. Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase Foundation of INC Competing Theories Core Objectives Moderate Era (1885-1905) Contributions of Moderates Economic Critique Constitutional Engagement Administrative Reform Campaign Early Nationalists (1858-1905) Mass Participation Limitations British Government Response Chapter 12 - 17 12. Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909) Growth of Militant Nationalism Militant Nationalism Ideological Foundations Militant School Swadeshi and Boycott Movement Movement Development (1903-1905) Congress Response Movement under Extremist Leadership Extremist Programme (1906) Struggle Methods Swadeshi National Education Movement Swadeshi Enterprises Cultural Renaissance Mass Participation Annulment of Partition Evaluation of Swadeshi Movement Movement fizzles out Movement a Turning Point Moderates vs Extremists Surat Split 1907 Split Takes Place Government Response The Government Strategy Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) Morley Minto Reforms Critical Evaluation 13. First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907 - 1917) Why the Surge of Revolutionary Activities Revolutionary Programme A Survey of Revolutionary Activities Bengal Anushilan Samiti Punjab Maharashtra Revolutionary Activities Abroad Ghadar Party Evaluation of Ghadr Revolutionaries in Europe Mutiny in Singapore Decline 14. First World War and Nationalist Response Home Rule League Movement Causative Factors The Leagues Home Rule Programme Government Response Movement Decline by 1919 Home Rule Movement Impact 1916 Lucknow Session Readmission of extremists to congress 1916 Lucknow Pact Montagu's Statement (August 1917) Indian Objections 15. Emergence of Gandhi Why Nationalist Resurgence Now Impact of Russian Revolution 1917 Consequences Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919) Limitations Indian Response Making of Gandhi Early Career and Experiments with Truth in SA Evolution of Resistance Methods Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act Gandhi in South Africa Satyagraha Technique Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha (1917) Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) Kheda Satyagraha (1918) Gains Rowlatt Act, Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Rowlatt Act (March 1919) Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act - First Mass Strike Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) The Hunter Committee of Inquiry British Reaction Congress View 16. Non Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan Background Factors The Khilafat Issue Congress-Khilafat Alliance The Non Cooperation Khilafat Movement Spread of the movement People's Response Government Response & Movement End Why Gandhi Withdrew the Movement Movement Impact Assessment 17. Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities and Other New Forces Swarajists and No Changers Genesis of Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party Key Arguments Agree to Disagree Swarajist Manifesto (October 1923) Gandhi's attitude Swarajist Activity in Councils Achievements Drawbacks Constructive Work by No Changers Critique of constructive work Emergency of New Forces: Socialist Ideas, Youth Power, Trade Unionism Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas Mass Movements Growth of Trade Unionism Social Reform Revolutionary Activity with a Turn towards Socialism Revolutionary Activity During the 1920s Why Attraction for Revolutionary Activity after Non Cooperation Movement Major Influences Punjab-UP-Bihar Activity In Bengal Chittagong Group New Phase in Bengal Official Reaction Ideological Rethinking Chapter 18 - 23 18. Simon Commission and the Nehru Report Appointment of the Indian Statutory Commission Indian Response Dr Ambedkar's Position Police Repression Impact of Appointment of Simon Commission on the National Movement Simon Commission Recommendations (1930) Nehru Report (1928) Communal Tensions Jinnah's Response Nehru Report Found Unsatisfactory 19. Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences Irwins Declaration (October 1929) Delhi Manifesto (November 1929) Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj January 26, 1930: The Independence Pledge Civil Disobedience Movement - The Salt Satyagraha and Other Upsurges Gandhi's Eleven Demands Why Salt was Chosen as the Important Theme Dandi March (March 12–April 6, 1930) Spread of Salt Law Disobedience Satyagraha at Different Places Impact of Agitation Extent of Mass Participation Government Response - Efforts for Truce Gandhi-Irwin Pact Evaluation of Civil Disobedience Movement Comparison to Non-Cooperation Movement Karachi Congress Session - 1931 The Round Table Conferences Civil Disobedience Resumed During Truce Period (March-December 1931) Changed Govt Attitude After Second RTC Government Action Popular Response Communal Award and Poona Pact Congress Stand Gandhi's Response Poona Pact Impact on Dalits Joint Electorates Impact Gandhi's Harijan Campaign and thoughts on Caste Gandhi's Harijan Campaign Gandhi's caste philosophy Dr Ambedkar vs Gandhi Difference in approach Common aspects in approach 20. Debates on the Future Strategy after Civil Disobedience Movement The First Stage Debate Nehru's Vision Nehru's Opposition to Struggle-Truce-Struggle Strategy Finally, Yes to Council Entry GOI Act 1935 Evaluation Long-Term British Strategy Nationalists' Response The Second Stage Debate Divided Opinion Gandhi's Position Congress Manifesto Elections and Congress Performance 21. Congress Rule in Provinces Gandhi's advice Work under Congress Ministries Civil Liberties Agrarian Reforms Labour Reforms Social welfare Extra Parliamentary Activity Evaluation 22. Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II Congress Crisis on Method of Struggle Haripura and Tripuri Sessions: Subhash Bose's Views Gandhi and Bose Differences Similarities Second World War and Nationalistic Response Congress Offer to Viceroy CWC Meeting at Wardha Government Attitude and Congress Ministries' Resignation Government's Hidden Agenda Congress Ministries Decide to Resign Debate on the Question of Immediate Mass Satyagraha November 1939 CWC Resolution The Ramgarh Session (March 1940) Pakistan Resolution—Lahore (March 1940) August Offer (1940) August Offer - Proposals Evaluation August Offer - Reason for Rejection Individual Satyagraha Gandhi-Nehru Relationship Cripps Mission Why Mission Sent Main Proposals of Cripps Mission Departures from Past and Implications Why Cripps Mission Failed 23. Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan, and the INA Quit India Movement Why Start a Struggle Now The 'Quit India' Resolution Gandhi's Instructions Movement Spread Underground Activity Parallel Governments Extent of Mass Participation Government Repression Estimate Gandhi Fasts Famine of 1943 Rajagopalachari Formula (1944) Desai-Liaqat Pact Wavell Plan Wavell Plan Proposals Why Wavell Plan Failed Muslim League stand Congress stand Wavell's Mistake The Indian National Army and Subhas Bose Origin and First Phase of INA Chapter 24 - 27 24. Post War National Scenario Two Strands of National Upsurge Change in Government's Attitude Congress Election Campaign and INA Trials Congress Support for INA Prisoners The INA Agitation—A Landmark Three Upsurges - Winter of 1945-46 Three-Stage Pattern Impact Assessment Congress Strategy Election Results The Cabinet Mission Why British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent Now On the Eve of Cabinet Mission Plan Cabinet Mission (1946) Cabinet Mission Plan Provisions Plan Rejected Pakistan Three-Section Structure Interpretation Disputes Why Cabinet Mission Plan Failed Acceptance and Rejection Communal Holocaust and the Interim Government Changed Government Priorities Interim Government League's Obstructionist Approach Birth and Spread of Communalism in India Characteristic Features Nothing unique about Indian communalism Reasons for Growth of Communalism Socio Economic Reasons British Policy of Divide and Rule Communalism in History writing Socio-religious Reform Side-effects Militant Nationalism Side-effects Communal Rejection by Majority Community Evolution of 2 Nation Theory 25. Independence with Partition Attlee's Statement of February 20, 1947 Main Points Why a fixed date fixed by govt for withdrawal Congress Stand Independence and Partition Mountbatten as Viceroy Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947 Why Congress Accepted Dominion Status Rationale for August 15, 1947 Indian Independence Act Problems of Early Withdrawal Integration of States Inevitability of Partition Progressive concessions to Muslim League: Gandhi's Helplessness 26. Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Developments Constitutional Development between 1773 and 1858 Different acts under British Evolution of Civil Services in India Cornwallis' Role (1786-93) Wellesley's Role Acts Evaluation under British Rule Evolution of Police System in Modern India Military under British Development of Judiciary in British India Legal Reforms under Warren Hastings Legal Reforms under Cornwallis - Separation of Powers Cornwallis Code Legal Reforms under William Bentinck Later Developments Evaluation Major Changes in Administrative Structure after 1857 Genesis of Administrative Changes Administration: Central, Provincial, Local Central Government Provincial Government Local Bodies 1864 - 1868 1870: Mayo's Resolution 1882: Ripon's Resolution Implementation limitations Royal Commission on Decentralisation (1908) Implementation timeline 27. Survey of British Policies in India Administrative Policies Divide and Rule Hostility Towards Educated Indians Attitude Towards the Zamindars Attitude Towards Social Reforms Underdeveloped Social Services Labour Legislations Restrictions on Freedom of the Press White Racism Revenue Policies Hastings' System Other Systems Overall impact of British Land Revenue Systems British Social and Cultural Policy Characteristics of New Thought Schools of Thought Indian Renaissance Government Dilemma Christian Missionaries British Retreat British Policy Towards Princely States British Foreign Policy Chapter 28 - 32 28. Economic Impact of British Rule in India Deindustrialisation No Steps towards modern Industrialisation Ruralisation Impoverishment of Peasantry Emergence of Intermediaries, Absentee Landlordism, Ruin of Old Zamindars Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture Famines Commercialisation of Indian Agriculture Destruction of Industry and Late Development of Modern Industry Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy British Policies Making India Poor Growth of Trade and Railways to Help Britain One-Way Free Trade and Tariff Policy Effect of Economic Drain Economic Issue a Stimulant to National Unrest Stages of Colonialism in India 29. Development of Indian Press Early Regulations Censorship of Press Act 1799 Licensing Regulations 1823 Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act Licensing Act 1857 Registration Act 1867 Struggle by early Nationalists to secure press freedom Vernacular Press Act, 1878 Repression against Nationalist Journalists Continues Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908 Indian Press Act 1910 During and After the First World War Indian Press (Emergency Power) Act, 1931 During the Second World War 30. Development of Education Under Company Rule Charter Act of 1813 Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy Lord Macaulay's Minute (1835) Downward Filtration Theory Thomson's Efforts (1843-53) Wood's Despatch (1854) Developments After the Crown Takeover Hunter Education Commission (1882-83) Indian Universities Act, 1904 Government Resolution on Education Policy - 1913 Sadler University Commission (1917-19) Education Under Dyarchy Hartog Committee (1929) Primary Education Secondary Education Higher Education Women's Education Sargent Plan (1944) Development of Vernacular Education Development of Technical Education Evaluation of British Policy on Education 31. The Movement of the Working Class Peasantry Under Colonialism A Survey of Early Peasant Movements Indigo Revolt (1859-60) Pabna Agrarian Leagues Deccan Riots Changed Nature of Peasant Movements after 1857 Later Movements The Kisan Sabha Movement Eka Movement Mappila Revolt Bardoli Satyagraha All India Kisan Congress/Sabha Under Congress Ministries (1937-39) Provincial Peasant Activities During War Post war phase Balance Sheet of Peasant movement 32. The Movement of the Working Class Early Efforts During Swadeshi Upsurge During the First World War and After The AITUC The Trade Union Act, 1926 Late 1920s Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929) Under Congress Ministries During and After Second World War